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Tuesday, 16 April 2013
Geometrical Optical Experiment Instrument
Ideal for introducing students to the concepts of reflection and refraction. The movable arm carrying the laser light source is parallel to the protractor disk, allowing students to carefully measure the reflection and refraction angles, internal reflection, and refraction index. Circular water tank measure 4-3/4" dia. The protractor disk and laser light attachment can be removed from the water tank and can be used for separate experiments. Equipped with two mirrors that combine plane, concave and convex, semi-circular, bi-convex, and plano-concave lenses.
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1000 Airplanes on the Roof
1989 COMPACT DISC.
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Price: $12.98
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DAVIS 6510USB WEATHERLINK FOR VANTAGE VUE & PRO2 SERIES DAVIS 6510USB WEATHERLINK FOR VANTAGE VUE &
.WeatherLink® for Vantage Pro2™, Windows, USB...For the ultimate in weather monitoring, add WeatherLink to your Vantage Pro2 or Vantage Vue. The data logger fits neatly into the weather station console or Weather Envoy, storing weather data even when its not connected to your PC. Later, download the data and use the software to create graphs, generate summaries, and more....Expanded Reporting..
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- - See current conditions at a glance on the instant weather bulletin. Graph data on a daily, weekly, or yearly basis. Or view multiple weather variables at the same time to see their relationships.. - Create Weather Watcher Reports in NOAA National Climatic Data Center Format.. - View special reports on heating degree days, cooling degree days, and fuel-oil demand. With optional sensors, see reports on evapotranspiration, leaf wetness, soil moisture, soil temperature, sunburn risk for each skin type, and solar energy.
- - Help the National Weather Service develop improved weather prediction models by submitting your data to the Citizen Weather Observer Program via APRS or the Internet.. - Create your own weather website or post weather conditions to a LAN using our included HTML templates. Upload other files (such as images from a webcam) along with your weather data.. - Participate in The GLOBE Program, an international weather-related science program for students from elementary through high school, supported by NASA and NSF.
Price: $192.00
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Engineering & Science Tools
National Instruments Measurement Studio, winner of E&E's Best Product Award for Design Tools and Software and Scientific Computing's Best Data Acquisition Software, is an integrated suite of classes and controls for test, measurement, and automation applications in Microsoft Visual Studio 2008, Visual Studio 2005, Visual Studio .NET 2003, and Visual Studio 6.0. NI Measurement Studio dramatically reduces application development time by providing Windows Forms, Web Forms, and ActiveX user interface components designed for engineers, advanced scientific analysis, and data acquisition (DAQ) and instrument control assistants optimized for test. Categories: Analysis Automobile Biology Chemistry Converter Mechanics Physics Simulator Utility Weather System Requirements: Windows ME/NT/2000/XP Microsoft IE 16MB RAM CD-ROM Drive mouse SVGA monitor 16bit colour video card
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Price: $12.99
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DC Voltmeter 0-3v/10/15v
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter. Voltmeters are made in a wide range of styles. Instruments permanently mounted in a panel are used to monitor generators or other fixed apparatus. Portable instruments, usually equipped to also measure current and resistance in the form of a multimeter, are standard test instruments used in electrical and electronics work. Any measurement that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed on a meter that is suitably calibrated; for example, pressure, temperature, flow or level in a chemical process plant. General purpose analog voltmeters may have an accuracy of a few percent of full scale, and are used with voltages from a fraction of a volt to several thousand volts.
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Digital Multimeter Electronic Measuring Instrument
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. Multimeters may use analog or digital circuits-analog multimeters (AMM) and digital multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.) Analog instruments are usually based on a microammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made; digital instruments usually display digits, but may display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being measured. A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.
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Farabeuf Rasp New Orthopedic Surgical Instrument
Best Science Supplies, offering quality scientific equipment and supplies since 1988. If you buy multiple items, we will adjust the shipping and refund you the difference to reflect the actual shipping and handling costs. Our prime manufacturers are certified with ISO and CE, respectively, Norway's and The Netherland's Ministries of Health. These instruments are constructed of high grade surgical stainless steel. Should you be dissatisfied in any way with your purchase, please do not hesitate to contact us. We strive to assure your satisfaction.Price:
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Designing and Constructing Instruments for Social Research and Evaluation (Research Methods for the Social Sciences)
Written in easy-to-understand language, this important text provides a systematic and commonsense approach to developing instruments for data collection and analysis. This book can be used by both those who are developing instruments for the first time and those who want to hone their skills, including students, agency personnel, program managers, and researchers.
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This book provides a thorough presentation of instrument construction, from conception to development and pre-testing of items, formatting the instrument, administration, and, finally, data management and presentation of the findings. Throughout the book, the authors emphasize how to create an instrument that will produce trustworthy and accurate data. To that end they have included guidelines for reviewing and revising the questionnaire to enhance validity and reliability. They also show how to work effectively with stakeholders such as instruments designers, decision-makers, agency personnel, clients, and raters or respondents.
Price: $70.00
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Aaxa KP-600-01 P300 Pico/Micro Projector with LED, WXGA 1280x800 Resolution, 300 Lumens, Pocket Size, Media Player and HDMI
WXGA 1280x800 DLP projector, Supports 1080p/1080i/720p Resolutions , 300 lumen, 2000:1 Contrast, Vibrant Color Technology with 15,000 hour LEDs
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Price: $419.00
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Dissecting Set - Advanced Biology Instruments Designed and Assembled by Best Science Supplies
This comprehensive dissecting set includes: 2 - Dissecting Needles Straight & Curved, 4 1/2" Iris Micro Surgical Scissors, 5 1/2" Operating Scissors S/C, Holsted Mosquito Forceps, 1 Adson Forceps, 1 Surgical Probe, 1 Micro Graff Forceps Curved, 1 Micro Graff Forceps Straight, #3 Scalpel Handle, #4 Scalpel Handle, 2 Each #10 & #22 Scalpel Blades.
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DSP Applications Using C and the TMS320C6x DSK (Topics in Digital Signal Processing)
- The TMS320C6x is Texas Instrument's next generation DSP found in over 60 percent of wireless devices from leading manufacturers such as Ericsson, Nokia, Sony, and Handspring
- Author has many years experience working with the TI line of TMS DSPs and his books are based on courses and seminars given at TI sponsored meetings
- All programs listed in the text will be available on the Wiley FTP site
- In addition to its wireless applications, the TMS DSP is tailored to enable a new generation of Internet media entertainment appliances
Price: $130.00
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Building Scientific Apparatus
Unrivaled in its coverage and unique in its hands-on approach, this practical guide to the design and construction of scientific apparatus, or laboratory instruments, is essential reading for every scientist and student of engineering, and physical, chemical, and biological sciences. Featured in this great new edition are features including the physical principles governing the operation of the mechanical, optical and electronic parts of an instrument, new sections on detectors, low-temperature measurements, high-pressure apparatus, and updated engineering specifications. 400 hand drawn figures and tables, have been added to this edition, which basically teaches scientists and engineers how to perform experiments.
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Price: $85.00
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Draeger Tubes Hydrazine 0.25a CH31801
Draeger Tubes are glass vials, filled with a chemical reagent that reacts to a specific chemical or family of chemicals. A calibrated 100ml sample of air is drawn through the tube with a Draeger accuro bellows pump. If the targeted chemical(s) is present, the regent in the tube changes color and the length of the color change typically indicates the measured concentration.
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The Science of String Instruments
This book will be a non-technical book on string instruments that includes some technical information as well. The emphasis will be on the practical understanding of string instruments, with the interests of performers and instrument builders in the forefront. Authors of the chapters will be musicians, scientists, and instrument designers and builders with practical experience. The mathematics will be kept as simple as possible by translating ideas from the language of physics (mathematics) to non-mathematical language. Considerable emphasis will be placed on the design and construction of string instruments. Following the structure of the author’s successful Science of Percussion Instruments (World Scientific, 2000), technical ideas will be presented as "interludes." Readers who wish to go beyond the simple ideas in this book can easily follow the references to more scientific books and to the original scientific literature.
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Price: $49.99
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VTech - V.Reader Software - SpongeBob SquarePants
80-281400 Features: -Features the real voice of SpongeBob SquarePants.-20 pages of animated adventure.-8 reading games.-Read the story word by word or as complete book.-Use for 5-7 years age. Includes: -Animated mini-dictionary includes vocabulary words directly from the story.
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Price: $19.99
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Texas Instruments TI-30X IIS 2-Line Scientific Calculator
The Texas Instruments TI-30X IIS 2-Line Scientific Calculator features two-line display and other advanced features users get with the TI-30x IIS. The display shows the equation you are creating on the top line, and the numbers or symbols you are currently entering on the second line. Once the equation is solved, the results are displayed on the second line, and you can use the four arrow keys on the front of the calculator to edit the original equation in any way you like for a recalculation. Better still, pressing the up arrow repeatedly lets you browse through a cache of dozens of previous calculations, meaning you can look back to see the answer to a problem. The device uses solar power when possible but can fall back on the internal batteries (which are included) if there isn't enough light. There are three angle modes (degrees, radians, and grads), scientific and engineering notation modes, and even one- or two-variable statistical modes. Five variables can also be assigned to their own memory slots. The calculator comes with a Snap-On cover that fits on the back of the device.
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Price: $21.95
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Translating Questionnaires and Other Research Instruments: Problems and Solutions (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences)
This book covers the essential information needed to understand the problems involved in translating existing questionnaires and other paper and pencil instruments from one language to another as well as to apply methods for dealing with them. It shows researchers how to identify the problems (comparison of parameters, nomological nets, and semantic problems) with an existing instrument; how to solve each of these problems with step-by-step guidelines; and techniques for reconstructing an instrument or designing an original one to use with different cultural groups. This book will provide researchers with a guide for construction of cross-national survey instruments.
Price: $19.95
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Oakley Holeshot Chronograph Watch
Oakley Holeshot Chronograph Watch. Finesse meets rugged versatility in this timepiece with 6 - hand analog display. A take-along must for your backcountry adventures! Engineered with a true Swiss-made chronograph that measures cumulative time, intermediate time and split time down to 1/10th of a second! Case is high-precision Computer Numeric Control (CNC)-machined, made of impact-forged stainless steel for durability, with a screw-down stainless steel case back. There's an all-day comfortable rubber Unobtainium band, with a technically-inspired dial face for sophistication. 6-hand display is sealed with a pure sapphire crystal with anti-reflective coating to minimize glare. Luminous phosphors help to improve viewing in low light, and a dual-seal crown protects the case against water pressure. From Oakley, a sport and lifestyle brand igniting the imagination with a merge of science and art. On your mark: Precision 4-jewel Swiss movement; 6-hand analog display includes hour, minute, and second hands and sub-dial counters for 1/10 second, 60 second, 30 minutes; Chronograph with ADD and SPLIT functions; Tachymeter scale computes speed based on travel time; Mechanical date display; Minute and hour hands designed with luminous material for easy viewing in low light; Water resistance to 330' (100m); 47.5mm case diameter (excluding crown); Microfiber pouch included. State Color. A stainless steal... and then some. Order this Watch today! Oakley Holeshot Chronograph Watch
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Qosina 12112 Blue Polyethylene Bag Hook (Pack of 25)
Bag hook. Made of polyethylene. Blue color. Non-sterile.
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Texas Instruments TI-30X IIS 2-Line Scientific Calculator
The Texas Instruments TI-30X IIS 2-Line Scientific Calculator features two-line display and other advanced features users get with the TI-30x IIS. The display shows the equation you are creating on the top line, and the numbers or symbols you are currently entering on the second line. Once the equation is solved, the results are displayed on the second line, and you can use the four arrow keys on the front of the calculator to edit the original equation in any way you like for a recalculation. Better still, pressing the up arrow repeatedly lets you browse through a cache of dozens of previous calculations, meaning you can look back to see the answer to a problem. The device uses solar power when possible but can fall back on the internal batteries (which are included) if there isn't enough light. There are three angle modes (degrees, radians, and grads), scientific and engineering notation modes, and even one- or two-variable statistical modes. Five variables can also be assigned to their own memory slots. The calculator comes with a Snap-On cover that fits on the back of the device.
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Price: $21.95
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Texas Instruments TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator
The Texas Instruments TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator features USB on-the-go technology for file sharing with other calculators and connecting to PCs,handling calculus, engineering, trigonometric, and financial functions, 11 apps preloaded, and displays graphs and tables on split screen to trace graph while scrolling through table values. Advanced statistics and regression analysis, graphical analysis, and data analysis are readily accessed, along with features for calculus, engineering, financial, logarithm, trigonometry, and hyperbolic functions--all crucial tools for advanced analysis. With its clear display and fast processing, the calculator incorporates graphing tools for mathematics and science course work, including statistics and finance.
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Price: $139.00
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New Knowledge Adventure Math For The Real World Compatible With Windows Xp/Vista
Logitech G700s Rechargeable Gaming Mouse. Full-speed USB performance whether wireless or wired: Executes commands up to eight times faster than a standard USB mouse
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Texas Instruments TI-30X IIS 2-Line Scientific Calculator
The Texas Instruments TI-30X IIS 2-Line Scientific Calculator features two-line display and other advanced features users get with the TI-30x IIS. The display shows the equation you are creating on the top line, and the numbers or symbols you are currently entering on the second line. Once the equation is solved, the results are displayed on the second line, and you can use the four arrow keys on the front of the calculator to edit the original equation in any way you like for a recalculation. Better still, pressing the up arrow repeatedly lets you browse through a cache of dozens of previous calculations, meaning you can look back to see the answer to a problem. The device uses solar power when possible but can fall back on the internal batteries (which are included) if there isn't enough light. There are three angle modes (degrees, radians, and grads), scientific and engineering notation modes, and even one- or two-variable statistical modes. Five variables can also be assigned to their own memory slots. The calculator comes with a Snap-On cover that fits on the back of the device.
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Price: $21.95
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Texas Instruments TI-NspireTM Handheld Graphing Calculator with Touchpad packaging may vary
The Texas Instruments Ti-nspire Graphing Calculator with Touchpad features Includes an easy-glide Touchpad that works more like a computer with a mouse, See multiple representations of a single problem - algebraic, graphical, geometric, numeric and written, Explore individual representations, one at a time, or as many as four on the same screen, Grab a graphed function and move it to see the effect on corresponding equations and data lists and Link representations - Manipulate the properties of one and observe instant updates to others without switching screens.
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Price: $149.00
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New Knowledge Adventure Math Blaster Ages 7-9 Compatible With Windows Xp/Vista
Logitech G700s Rechargeable Gaming Mouse. Full-speed USB performance whether wireless or wired: Executes commands up to eight times faster than a standard USB mouse
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Replacement Belt for Winso Van De Graaff Generator
Replacement Belt for 30525-87 Measures 67.3 cm circumference. 18" from center to center once installed. Approx. 1.5" wide
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New Selectsoft Publishing Superstart-Fun W/Addition And Sub. USE With Windows & Macintosh Classic
New Knowledge Adventure Jump Start Toddler Compatible With Windows 2000/Xp/Vista ASIN: B004OVLIFW Manufacturer: KNOWLEDGE ADVENTURE
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Texas Instruments TI-NspireTM Handheld Graphing Calculator with Touchpad packaging may vary
The Texas Instruments Ti-nspire Graphing Calculator with Touchpad features Includes an easy-glide Touchpad that works more like a computer with a mouse, See multiple representations of a single problem - algebraic, graphical, geometric, numeric and written, Explore individual representations, one at a time, or as many as four on the same screen, Grab a graphed function and move it to see the effect on corresponding equations and data lists and Link representations - Manipulate the properties of one and observe instant updates to others without switching screens.
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Price: $149.00
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New Knowledge Adventure Jump Start Toddler Compatible With Windows 2000/Xp/Vista
New Knowledge Adventure Jump Start Toddler Compatible With Windows 2000/Xp/Vista ASIN: B004OVLIFW Manufacturer: KNOWLEDGE ADVENTURE
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New Knowledge Adventure Math Blaster Ages 6-8 Compatible With Windows Xp/Vista
Logitech G700s Rechargeable Gaming Mouse. Full-speed USB performance whether wireless or wired: Executes commands up to eight times faster than a standard USB mouse
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Science, Grade 7 (Spectrum Science)
Spectrum Science is sure to captivate students' interest with a variety of fascinating science information! The lessons, perfect for students in grade 7, strengthen science skills by focusing on scientific tools, ecosystems, biotechnology, and more! Each book features easy-to-understand directions, full-color illustrations, photos, and lively passages. It is aligned to national and state standards, and also includes a complete answer key.Today, more than ever, students need to be equipped with the essential skills they need for school achievement and for success on proficiency tests. The Spectrum series has been designed to prepare students with these skills and to enhance student achievement. Developed by experts in the field of education, each title in the Spectrum workbook series offers grade-appropriate instruction and reinforcement in an effective sequence for learning success. Perfect for use at home or in school, and a favorite of parents, homeschoolers, and teachers worldwide, Spectrum is the learning partner students need for complete achievement.
Price: $9.95
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Oakley Men's 10-217 Holeshot Unobtainium Strap Edition Chronograph Rubber Watch
Boasting sporty cut-outs on a black rubber band and red and black hues on a bold dial, the Oakley Men's Holeshot Unobtainium Strap Edition Chronograph Rubber Watch fits your active lifestyle. Its black rubber band features cut-outs that cool the wrist, while its stainless steel case is accented by contoured push pieces exclusively on the right side. Scratch-resistant sapphire coating on the dial window protects a black-and-red dial that displays a red outer dial ring of white tachymeter markings as well as silver-tone Arabic numeral hour indicators at the three, nine, and 12 o'clock positions. Bar-shaped, silver-tone hour indicators at remaining positions and white stick minute markers round out this sporty-looking dial that also offers three subdials, luminescent hands, and a date window at the four o'clock. This watch is water resistant to 330 feet (100 m).
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Price: $650.00
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Set of 10 pieces IC Texas Instrument/RCA CD4017 CD4017BE 4017
IC Supply Voltage: 18V Supply Voltage Max: 18V Supply Voltage Min: 3V
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Texas Instruments TI-NSpire Math and Science Handheld Graphing Calculator
The TI-Nspire handheld comes with a snap-in TI-84 Plus Keypad that provides the same keystrokes as TI-83 Plus, TI-84 Plus and TI-84 Plus Silver Edition graphing calculators. Whether handhelds are provided by your school or your students bring in personally-owned units, this side-by-side compatibility between TI-Nspire handhelds and existing TI graphing calculators delivers a comfortable transition to TI-Nspire technology. Inclueds USB cable for software and file downloads.
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Price: $179.99
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Texas Instruments TI-30XA Scientific Calculator
Texas Instruments scientific calculator with 10-digit display performs basic scientific and trigonometric functions. Adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides fractions entered in traditional numerator/denominator format. Automatic power down. Other features include: one-variable statistics; trig functions in degrees, radians, grads and hyperbolics; common and natural algorithms; universal powers and roots, reciprocals and factorials; polar and rectangular conversions. Also includes protective case, guidebook and 2 A76 button cell batteries. No. TI-30XA. Imported.
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Price: $17.95
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Texas Instruments Nspire CX CAS Graphing Calculator (N3CAS/GC/2L1)
Stay mobile, continue learning - Transfer class assignments from handheld to computer. Complete work outside of school using student software. On the desktop at home or a laptop on the bus, at the library, coffee shop or wherever. Explore higher-level math concepts - Explore symbolic algebra and symbolic calculus, in addition to standard numeric calculations. View exact values - in the form of variables such as x and y, radicals and pi - when doing step-by-step arithmetic, algebraic and calculus calculations.Visualize in full color - Color-code equations, objects, points and lines on the full-color, backlit display. Make faster, stronger connections between equations, graphs and geometric representations on screen. Real-world images - Use digital images or your own photos. Overlay and color-code math and science concepts. Discover real-world connections. Recharge with ease - The installed TI-Nspire Rechargeable Battery is expected to last up to two weeks of normal use on a single charge. No alkaline batteries needed. Calculate in style - The sleek TI-Nspire CX handheld is the thinnest and lightest TI graphing calculator model to date. It's also the brightest with a high-resolution, full-color display that makes it easy to see every exponent, variable and line. 3D Graphing - Graph and rotate (manually and automatically) 3D functions. Change the wire or surface color of your 3D graph.
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Price: $175.00
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Stainless Steel K-Type Thermocouple Insertion Probe 3" with spiral cable - set of 2
This is a small size, reliable insertion thermocouple with a K-Type sensor. The sensor is housed at the tip of a 3 inch long stainless steel probe, which comes with a 2 inch long handle. It has a miniature type connector that will work with digital K-type thermometers. This k type probe can be inserted in liquids or any object you like to measure. It is much easier to clean than the thermocouple wire that comes with many digital thermometers. The thermocouple can be used in a wide range of science, laboratory, engineering and industrial applications. The new spiral cable keeps the work space tidy and extends to full length when needed. This is a listing for a set of 2 thermocouples.
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Price: $13.99
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Qosina 12112 Blue Polyethylene Bag Hook (Pack of 25)
Bag hook. Made of polyethylene. Blue color. Non-sterile.
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Summit Weather Pod
The Storm chaser field kit features the Mobile Weather Pod-an ideal instrument for expert data collection that can be used in almost any kind of weather. You can now track and monitor rain, sleet, hail, snow, and wind with ease. Use the compass to aid you in finding true north. The weather vane will show you which direction the wind is blowing and the anemometer gauges measure wind speed. use the water gauge to collect and measure rainfall. The temperature gauge indicates current air temperature.
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Price: $19.99
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Texas Instruments TI-NspireTM Handheld Graphing Calculator with Touchpad packaging may vary
The Texas Instruments Ti-nspire Graphing Calculator with Touchpad features Includes an easy-glide Touchpad that works more like a computer with a mouse, See multiple representations of a single problem - algebraic, graphical, geometric, numeric and written, Explore individual representations, one at a time, or as many as four on the same screen, Grab a graphed function and move it to see the effect on corresponding equations and data lists and Link representations - Manipulate the properties of one and observe instant updates to others without switching screens.
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Price: $149.00
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The Gospel of Hip Hop: The First Instrument
The Gospel of Hip Hop: First Instrument, the first book from the I Am Hip Hop, is the philosophical masterwork of KRS ONE. Set in the format of the Christian Bible, this 800-plus-page opus is a life-guide manual for members of Hip Hop Kulture that combines classic philosophy with faith and practical knowledge for a fascinating, in-depth exploration of Hip Hop as a life path. Known as “The Teacha,” KRS ONE developed his unique outlook as a homeless teen in Brooklyn, New York, engaging his philosophy of self-creation to become one of the most respected emcees in Hip Hop history. Respected as Hip Hop’s true steward, KRS ONE painstakingly details the development of the culture and the ways in which we, as “Hiphoppas,” can and should preserve its future.
"The Teacha" also discusses the origination of Hip Hop Kulture and relays specific instances in history wherein one can discover the same spirit and ideas that are at the core of Hip Hop’s current manifestation. He explains Hip Hop down to the actual meaning and linguistic history of the words “hip” and “hop,” and describes the ways in which "Hiphoppas" can change their current circumstances to create a future that incorporates Health, Love, Awareness, and Wealth (H-LAW).
Committed to fervently promoting self-reliance, dedicated study, peace, unity, and truth, The "Teacha" has drawn both criticism and worship from within and from outside of Hip Hop Kulture. In this beautifully written, inspiring book, KRS ONE shines the light of truth, from his own empirical research over a 14-year period, into the fascinating world of Hip Hop.
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"The Teacha" also discusses the origination of Hip Hop Kulture and relays specific instances in history wherein one can discover the same spirit and ideas that are at the core of Hip Hop’s current manifestation. He explains Hip Hop down to the actual meaning and linguistic history of the words “hip” and “hop,” and describes the ways in which "Hiphoppas" can change their current circumstances to create a future that incorporates Health, Love, Awareness, and Wealth (H-LAW).
Committed to fervently promoting self-reliance, dedicated study, peace, unity, and truth, The "Teacha" has drawn both criticism and worship from within and from outside of Hip Hop Kulture. In this beautifully written, inspiring book, KRS ONE shines the light of truth, from his own empirical research over a 14-year period, into the fascinating world of Hip Hop.
Price: $24.95
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Texas Instruments TI-83 Plus Graphing Calculator(Packaging may vary)
The TI-83 Plus has a pragmatic key layout and an easy-to-use graphing interface, with a simple programming language for creating conversion programs. The TI-83 Plus stores and analyzes up to 10 matrices combined with data storage in lists containing up to 999 elements per list. You can also solve equations interactively for different variables. With the TI-83 Plus, you can view an equation, its graph, and the coordinates all at one time. Jump from point to point by entering a number. Several useful plot types are available, including scatter, box-and-whisker, XY-line, histogram, and normal probability plots. Advanced statistics and regression analysis, graphical analysis, and data analysis are readily accessed, along with features for calculus, engineering, financial, logarithm, trigonometry, and hyperbolic functions--all crucial tools for advanced analysis. With its clear display and fast processing, the TI-83 Plus incorporates graphing tools for mathematics and science course work, including statistics and finance. Incredibly useful for college boards--PSAT/NMSQT, SAT I, SAT II, Math, IC, and IIC--the TI-83 is essential equipment for advanced placement courses in chemistry, physics, and calculus.
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Price: $149.99
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Texas Instruments TI-30X IIS 2-Line Scientific Calculator
The Texas Instruments TI-30X IIS 2-Line Scientific Calculator features two-line display and other advanced features users get with the TI-30x IIS. The display shows the equation you are creating on the top line, and the numbers or symbols you are currently entering on the second line. Once the equation is solved, the results are displayed on the second line, and you can use the four arrow keys on the front of the calculator to edit the original equation in any way you like for a recalculation. Better still, pressing the up arrow repeatedly lets you browse through a cache of dozens of previous calculations, meaning you can look back to see the answer to a problem. The device uses solar power when possible but can fall back on the internal batteries (which are included) if there isn't enough light. There are three angle modes (degrees, radians, and grads), scientific and engineering notation modes, and even one- or two-variable statistical modes. Five variables can also be assigned to their own memory slots. The calculator comes with a Snap-On cover that fits on the back of the device.
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Price: $21.95
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New Learning Company Carmen Sandiego Think Quick (Jc) Compatible With Windows & Macintosh
Outsmart Carmen Sandiego in a Multi-Player Challenge Carmen Sandiego is stealing the world's knowledge! Outwit Carmen Sandiego's cohorts in a series of fast-paced challenges that test your knowledge in a variety of subjects. Play on your own or with up to three other ambitious ACME agents. Travel the world, outthink the Knowbots and capture the crooks! ?Team Up to Outwit the KnowBots: Draw on your team's superior knowledge to outsmart the villains. ?Master Mathematical Concepts: Show what you know about math. ?Match Wits Against the Villains: Use your knowledge of science to earn points to access the thief's hideout. ?Expand Your Expertise in the Arts and Music: Think artistically as you expand your knowledge of the humanities. Windows XP, 95/98 Windows ?Pentium 133 MHz or faster ?25 MB hard disk space ?8 MB RAM required, 16 MB recommended ?SVGA 640x480 display, 256 colors ?4X CD-ROM drive or faster ?Windows(R) compatible sound device ?Modem and Internet service provider account** (optional) and Mac os 9 or below
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Texas Instruments TI-34 Calculator
The TI-34 MultiView scientific calculator was designed with educator input in mind for use in these middle grades math and science classes: Middle School Math, Pre-Algebra, Algebra I & II, Trigonometry, General Science, Geometry, and Biology. In Classic mode, the TI-34 MultiView can be used in the same classrooms as the TI-34 II Explorer Plus as the screen appears identical to the TI-34 II Explorer Plus in this mode.
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Price: $25.00
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VTech - V.Reader Software - SpongeBob SquarePants
80-281400 Features: -Features the real voice of SpongeBob SquarePants.-20 pages of animated adventure.-8 reading games.-Read the story word by word or as complete book.-Use for 5-7 years age. Includes: -Animated mini-dictionary includes vocabulary words directly from the story.
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Price: $19.99
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Texas Instruments TI-NspireTM Handheld Graphing Calculator with Touchpad packaging may vary
The Texas Instruments Ti-nspire Graphing Calculator with Touchpad features Includes an easy-glide Touchpad that works more like a computer with a mouse, See multiple representations of a single problem - algebraic, graphical, geometric, numeric and written, Explore individual representations, one at a time, or as many as four on the same screen, Grab a graphed function and move it to see the effect on corresponding equations and data lists and Link representations - Manipulate the properties of one and observe instant updates to others without switching screens.
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Price: $149.00
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Yesurprise DC 100A Ampmeter Analog AMP Current Panel Meter Ammeter Gauge 85C1
Package: 1 x Ammeter
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Price: $15.23
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Qosina 12112 Blue Polyethylene Bag Hook (Pack of 25)
Bag hook. Made of polyethylene. Blue color. Non-sterile.
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Price:
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Qosina 12112 Blue Polyethylene Bag Hook (Pack of 25)
Bag hook. Made of polyethylene. Blue color. Non-sterile.
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Friday, 15 February 2013
This file is a footprint to denote the version 2.1 of database. Please do not delete this file.
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This file is a footprint to denote the version 2.0 of database. Please do not delete this file.
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Monday, 11 February 2013
Next Time Your Mom Says Don't Go Out in The Rain, Spray Yourself With This
OK, this is an ad. I can't vouch for it. I'm almost embarrassed to be showing it to you. But you have to take a look. When I saw it yesterday, I had to pick my jaw off the floor. This product, called "Ultra Ever Dry" is a nano-tech coating you can spray on any number of different surfaces, shoes, cinder blocks, coats. (Your hands? Probably not.) It's superhydrophobic (it repels water) and oleophobic (repels hydrocarbons) — but words don't do it justice.
What is it? The company says it's a "coating" that will repel almost any liquid by creating a barrier of air on the surface. They don't say what's in the coating. Whatever it is, the How to Apply This Product video suggests you don goggles, gloves and protective gear when you spray. They claim it will protect in temperatures ranging from -30 degrees Fahrenheit to 300 degrees Fahrenheit, but durability is a question. In the video, they say abrasion might affect performance (which makes me wonder how long a pair of sprayed boots would stay dry if you were on a wet, slippery, rocky hiking trail). It's expensive. The base coat is $57.95 and the top coat is $100.95 a quart. On the other hand, if you dare to spray it on your car windows, you wouldn't need window wipers. Or would the windows get too cloudy? If you sprayed it on a car surface, would it affect the gloss? Probably.
I have so many questions.
Trolling various Internet sites, I found crazier questions, some of them sci-fi delightful. A guy wondered what would happen if he coated his boat with this stuff. If water is no longer a drag on your forward motion, maybe his boat would shoot through the water like a rocket. He wanted to try it. But when he wrote the company, they warned that at fast speeds, with less drag, "overall stability" might be affected. Meaning he'd get dunked.
Which raises another question. What if you coated yourself with this stuff and dove into a pool? Surrounded now by a thin coat of air, would you sink? Struggle? Hmm, thought one commenter, "Probably you get ejected from the pool." Whooosh!
Nanotechnology is starting to get interesting.
I realize we don't have a lot of information about this product, not yet, and we may discover after a few months in general use, it turns out to be pretty basic water-resister, not unlike many products already on the market, in which case, my hat goes off to whoever wrote and shot that video. There's an art in getting people excited and curious. After all, consider the greatest ad ever, ("It picks up pinecones!") for a garden tool called the "Wonder Rake 5000":
View the original article here
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Automakers Drive Towards Hydrogen Cars
Toyota and BMW have formed an alliance to work on fuel cell cars. So have Daimler, Ford, and Nissan, with hopes of having cars on the road by 2017. But why now, and what obstacles still stand in the way? Jennifer Kurtz discusses the current state of hydrogen fuel technology.
Copyright © 2013 NPR. For personal, noncommercial use only. See Terms of Use. For other uses, prior permission required.JOE PALCA, HOST:
This is SCIENCE FRIDAY. I'm Joe Palca, sitting in for Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY. I'm Joe Palca, sitting in for Ira Flatow. Later in the hours, digital privacy and dating the demise of the dinosaur, that's a lot of D's. But first, last week, Daimler, Ford and Nisson announced an alliance to work together on hydrogen fuel-cell technology for their passenger vehicles. That follows on the heels of a similar announcement last month from Toyota and BMW. Other major automakers have signaled that they're fuel cell, too.
But where does the technology stand now, and what needs to be done to make the carmakers' hopes of getting tires on the road by 2017 a reality? What obstacles still stand in the way? That's what we're talking about first this hour. So give us a call. Our number is 1-800-989-8255, that's 1-800-989-TALK. If you're on Twitter, you can tweet us your questions by writing the @ sign followed by scifri. If you want more information about what we'll be talking about this hour, go to our website, www.sciencefriday.com, where you'll find links to our topic.
And now I'd like to introduce my guest. Jennifer Kurtz is a senior engineer and the leader of the Technology Validation Group in the NREL Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies Program, part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Colorado. Jennifer Kurtz, welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.
JENNIFER KURTZ: Thank you, Joe, and I'm happy to be on the program today.
PALCA: Oh, that's great. So you've - I mean, what have you been doing with these cars over at NREL? What's been the last few years? Have you been driving them? Have you driven them?
KURTZ: Yeah, in fact I was driving a fuel-cell vehicle this morning. We went out and got some bagels for our center to celebrate the interview today.
PALCA: So is it a different kind of experience? Do you feel like you're not driving - I mean, is it different from a normal car, You know, the cars we're used to, internal combustion?
KURTZ: Yeah, no, the car has some unique characteristics, one of them being zero tailpipe emissions. It's quite quiet. But, you know, once you start driving the vehicle, it's really easy to forget that you're driving fuel-cell vehicle. It's just like a standard, traditional driving experience.
And since we had visitors on site, we had five adults in the vehicle. It was very easy to carry a conversation. And it becomes just a standard mode of transportation.
PALCA: So do they look any different from other cars, or can you put a fuel-cell engine into any - or a fuel-cell-equipped engine into any kind of car?
KURTZ: You can use any car, actually. We have - the vehicles that we've analyzed, they range from compact sedans all the way up to SUVs.
PALCA: So what's the advantage, do you think, of using a hydrogen-powered, full-cell-driven, fuel-cell energy care over, say, you know, one that you just plug in?
KURTZ: Well, for the fuel-cell vehicle, the zero tailpipe emissions is one key aspects. These vehicles can be filled in three to five minutes, and right now there are hydrogen stations available 24/7 and have very traditional retail-style filling capabilities. Vehicles - excuse me.
PALCA: No, go ahead. I was just going to ask, you said that there are filling stations available, but that made me wonder, you know, if I'm driving across the country, could I make it? I didn't think there were so many of those.
KURTZ: No, not across the country. The hydrogen stations, as well as the vehicle deployments, are very targeted right now, and that - so that the investments are not spread too thin. So for instance California, Hawaii, the Northeast all have focused activities in fuel cell and hydrogen deployment.
So for instances there is a pipeline station in Southern California. You can drive up and fill up. It looks very similar to a traditional gasoline pump. And fill your vehicle quickly and drive off. And with the vehicles, we validated a 250-plus-mile range on the vehicles we've analyzed. We've also participated in an on-road driving evaluation in collaboration with Toyota and Savannah River National Laboratory.
The results of that evaluation was a possible 431-mile on-road range. So range is another key aspect of fuel-cell vehicles.
PALCA: Right, so is that - I mean, we talked at the beginning, I said at the beginning about the obstacles. Is getting that kind of hydrogen infrastructure or the fueling infrastructure in place something that's one of the roadblocks to getting these cars on the road more widely?
KURTZ: Yes, that is a challenge. And one of the ways that we're working on that challenge is through highly collaborative relationships between automakers, energy industries and government, and that's state and federal government. So these activities include working groups to identify how to make the investment in stations.
It's also looking at scenario analyses so that we can understand risks with station deployment and really look at market and regulations and policies to help make sure that we're putting early stations in or the next generation of stations in key areas.
PALCA: Well, let's take a call from one of our listeners. We've got quite a few. And let's go first to Molly(ph) in Hillsboro, California. Molly, welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.
MOLLY: Hi, thank you. I was wondering two things. First, I'm wondering about the safety in terms of accidents on the road, it being hydrogen and all, and the second thing is I was wondering if there are plans in place to keep the manufacture and such in America.
KURTZ: Yes, so with regard to safety, the vehicles that we've analyzed through the support of the Department of Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Office, has had a very strong safety record. Safety is a key aspect to the vehicle and station deployment. It includes things like hydrogen sensing, alarms, control strategies to make sure that if there is a situation that the systems are shut down appropriately and quickly and safely.
Traffic accidents are common. With hundreds of fuel-cell vehicles on the road, we've actually some fuel-cell vehicles that have been in non-related hydrogen accidents. All onboard safety mechanisms reacted appropriately, and we didn't see released hydrogen.
And just from my personal perspective, I feel completely safe driving a hydrogen fuel-cell vehicle around, having my family and the people that I love in those vehicles.
PALCA: And I don't suppose you really have that much to say, Jennifer Kurtz, about whether or not these cars are built in America.
KURTZ: Well, you know, it's - you know, it's certainly an international effort. We've got the - just the OEMs that you mentioned at the beginning of the program. They're - it's international. So we do have deployments in the United States, and you're exactly right. In terms of manufacturing, that's outside of my spectrum.
PALCA: Yeah, let's take another cal now and go to Matt(ph) in Rockford, Illinois. Matt, you're on SCIENCE FRIDAY.
MATT: Hey, hello there, how are you guys doing?
PALCA: Great.
KURTZ: Great.
MATT: I have a question for you in regards to electrolysis and type of a hybrid fuel-cell vehicle. I've created a little HHO system run my whatchamacallit, my lawn mower. It seems to work. I cut the consumption in pretty much half. I've seen people on the Internet do the same things for their trucks, except they just purely run off of electrolysis, the HHO systems. Would you guys ever consider doing something like that?
Because I know the hydrogen systems that you guys are talking about, the infrastructures, you know, implement the stuff would be, you know, amazing in the cost it would take for the taxpayer to put up with the bill.
KURTZ: Well, how about we have a - there are a number of ways to produce hydrogen. And we have four fuel-cell vehicles on loan at NREL's campus fom Toyota. Our hydrogen is actually produced through electrolysis that's powered by wind and solar.
So a colleague has stated our fuel-cell vehicles are driving around today based on hydrogen produced from wind that blew last week. So that's an example of an exciting way to produce hydrogen. There's also an example a trigeneration system right now in Southern California at a wastewater treatment facility.
This facility or this system uses biogas to fuel a fuel cell, and it co-produces heat, power and hydrogen for light-duty fuel-cell vehicles. So there are a wide range of possibilities and ways to produce hydrogen right now that are being worked on.
PALCA: So I've been wondering, you were talking earlier about the safety of these systems. I heard a very interesting lecture some weeks ago about these solid-state systems, some sort of a solid material that couldn't explode, that would be recharged, and you would sort of move it in and out, not really just a gas tank of hydrogen but something a little different. Do you know about those?
KURTZ: Well, my area of expertise is looking at and validating fuel-cell vehicles that are on the road today. Those fuel-cell vehicles are using compressed gasses, as you mentioned. Most of the vehicles are at 700 bar pressure. And so we've seen very strong safety records with those tanks. I think, as I mentioned, I feel comfortable with those fuel-cell systems and that onboard hydrogen storage system.
PALCA: So is there one thing at this point that you think is a barrier to getting these cars on the road? Is there something that - I mean, what would prevent it, for example, from making it by 2017?
KURTZ: Well, I think there are challenges that are being worked on. We talked about hydrogen infrastructure. I would say cost and durability are also two challenges remaining. I think what we've seen is a progression in terms of technology development.
For instance the vehicles that we looked at very early on, so this would be approximately 2003 technology, within the last decade, the range was - we've seen improvement in range, in freeze capability, in durability. And we've also - DOE has funded projects that have seen 80 percent cost reduction in fuel-cell systems.
We think with the partnerships, the investments that are being made by private industry, as well as government, will continue to see costs come down. But we certainly need to leverage economies of scale and investments across the board.
PALCA: Well, I'm wondering: What are costs? I mean, is this car going to be - are these first cars going to be comparable to what a standard car is going to cost, or are they going to be a lot more?
KURTZ: In terms of specific costs, I don't have the answer for you.
PALCA: Of course not.
KURTZ: But we have seen with all advanced vehicle technologies that there is a price premium associated with those technologies. So I expect that to be the case. But the partnerships, the recent announcements by the automakers have identified cost as a key area for development, whether they're looking to go in terms of the production scale.
For instance Hyundai has also announced recently they've kicked off their series production of up to 1,000 fuel-cell systems. So we should see in each phase of the deployment and wide-scale commercialization, or working towards wide-scale commercialization, that those costs won't come down.
PALCA: OK, well, we'll have to leave it there. We've run out of time. Jennifer Kurtz is a senior engineer and the leader of the Technology Validation Group in the NREL Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies Program, part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Colorado. Thanks for joining me today.
KURTZ: Well, thank you very much for having me on.
PALCA: And when we come back, digital privacy. Do you own any of your personal data? We'll be right back after this short break.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
PALCA: This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
PALCA: This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR.
Copyright © 2013 NPR. All rights reserved. No quotes from the materials contained herein may be used in any media without attribution to NPR. This transcript is provided for personal, noncommercial use only, pursuant to our Terms of Use. Any other use requires NPR's prior permission. Visit our permissions page for further information.NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by a contractor for NPR, and accuracy and availability may vary. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Please be aware that the authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio.View the original article here
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Blocking Iran With A Global Game Of Nuclear 'Keep Away'
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (center) visits a uranium enrichment facility in Natanz, Iran, in 2008. Enriching uranium requires many fast-spinning centrifuges, arranged in what's called a cascade.
Iranian President's Office/AP Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (center) visits a uranium enrichment facility in Natanz, Iran, in 2008. Enriching uranium requires many fast-spinning centrifuges, arranged in what's called a cascade.Iranian President's Office/AP
Iran's government on Thursday made clear it has no interest in direct talks until the U.S. eases sanctions that have been squeezing Iran's economy. But the Obama administration isn't budging and says the ball is in the Iranians' court.
The suspicion that Iran wants to make a nuclear weapon is the rationale for the sanctions as well as for veiled threats of U.S. or Israeli military action if those sanctions fail.
Iran's perceived nuclear aspirations are also the subject of a global effort that keeps popping up in the news: the game of "nuclear keep-away" to keep Iran from buying or manufacturing centrifuges, the machines that make uranium suitable for a bomb.
"We call it the long pole in the tent," physicist David Albright, a former United Nations weapons inspector, tells All Things Considered host Robert Siegel. "Getting the wherewithal to make the weapon-grade uranium or the separated plutonium is harder than learning how and assembling everything you need to know to make the nuclear weapon itself."
Separate Your Isotopes
Most uranium is useless for nuclear fuel or weapons. Less than 1 percent of it is the light, radioactive isotope uranium-235 that's used for power plants and bombs.
Close Shave: Asteroid To Buzz Earth Next Week
This computer image from a NASA video shows the small asteroid 2012 DA14 on its path as it passes by Earth on Feb. 15.
NASAAn asteroid the size of an office building will zoom close by Earth next week, but it's not on a collision course, NASA says.
Still, some people think this near-miss should serve as a wake-up call.
"It's a warning shot across our bow that we are flying around the solar system in a shooting gallery," says Ed Lu, a former astronaut and head of the B612 Foundation, a nonprofit dedicated to protecting humanity from asteroids.
The asteroid known as 2012 DA14 was first spotted last year by astronomers in Spain. It's thought to be about 150 feet across and made of rock.
It will whiz past Earth on Feb. 15, going about 5 miles per second. At its closest approach, it will be only about 17,200 miles above the surface of our planet. That's far nearer to us than the moon, and even closer than some weather and communications satellites.
NASA officials say this event is one for the record books — the first time scientists have been able to predict something so big coming so close.
"There really hasn't been a close approach that we know about for an object of this size," says Donald Yeomans, manager of the Near Earth Object Program Office at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
It will come closer than satellites in a geosynchronous orbit around 22,000 miles up, but is extremely unlikely to hit any of those as it goes by.
"This asteroid seems to be passing in the sweet spot between the GPS satellites and the communications and weather satellites," Yeomans says.
Animal Magnetism: How Salmon Find Their Way Back Home
Bright red sockeye salmon swim up the Fraser River to the stream where they were hatched.
Current Biology, Putman et al.
Bright red sockeye salmon swim up the Fraser River to the stream where they were hatched.Current Biology, Putman et al. Before they end up filleted and sautéed on your dinner plate, salmon lead some pretty extraordinary, globe-trotting lives.
After hatching in a freshwater stream, young salmon make a break for the ocean, where they hang out for years, covering thousands of miles before deciding its time to settle down and lay eggs in their natal stream.
So how do these fish find their way back to their home river?
According to one theory, it's all about magnetism. When salmon are young, the theory goes, they imprint on the pattern of the Earth's magnetic field at the mouth of their native river. Years later, when the salmon head back home to spawn, they home in on that pattern. In a study published Thursday in Current Biology, the scientists behind that theory now say they have evidence that's exactly how the fish are navigating.
Magnetic detection "is one part of their toolkit for being really efficient navigators," says the study's lead author, Nathan Putman, a postdoctoral researcher at Oregon State University in Corvallis. The fish also use their sense of smell to help them locate the exact stream of their birth.
The finding could be helpful for fishery managers who'd like to predict where their fish will be and how their populations might change due to climate change and fishing pressures, Putman says.
Around the world, many salmon stocks are on the decline, and scientists would like to explain odd events, like why millions of wild sockeye salmon didn't return to Canada's Fraser River in 2009. It's possible a glitch in the salmon's navigational abilities played a role.
An even bigger concern is whether being raised in hatcheries somehow alters salmon's "internal GPS." Spawned in tanks, these salmon are released into streams and rivers and account for a large amount of the "wild" salmon that swim in the ocean and end up on your dinner plate.
Putnam worries that something about their hatchery upbringing could throw off how these salmon perceive magnetic fields. Because the Earth's magnetic field is relatively weak and can be overpowered by man-made objects, it's possible that something as simple as the iron reinforcements in the fish tanks, or nearby electrical cables, could throw off the salmon's magnetic imprinting.
"Then they might not be very good at navigating, and that could cause problems," he says.
If salmon born in hatcheries get lost on the way back home, they could end up in the wrong stream and interbreed with wild salmon populations. That's a problem, because studies suggest that hatchery-raised salmon aren't nearly as good at surviving outside captivity as their wild counterparts — and when they mate, the wild stock ends up genetically weaker.
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Fresh Clues In Dinosaur Whodunit Point To Asteroid
Some 66 million years ago, about 75 percent of species on Earth disappeared. It wasn't just dinosaurs but most large mammals, fish, birds and plankton. Scientists have known this for a long time just from looking at the fossil record. If you dig deep enough, you find lots of dinosaur bones. And then a few layers up, they're gone.
But scientists couldn't figure out exactly what had caused this phenomenon. Of course, there were lots of theories.
"Some of them are pretty wacky," says J. David Archibald, an evolutionary biologist at San Diego State University who wrote the book Dinosaur Extinction and the End of an Era. "The really weird ones, of course, are that space hunters came and killed them all off, they died of constipation, mammals ate their eggs."
Then, in 1980, a new theory surfaced.
"It's the one that everybody hears about all the time because it's most dramatic," Archibald says.
Near what is now the town of Chicxulub in the Yucatan Peninsula, an asteroid more than 5 miles across slammed into the Earth. It caused tsunamis and earthquakes, and threw up a cloud of dust that smothered the world.
It sounds like a movie premise, but the Chicxulub impact left behind evidence. It threw up small blobs of black glass that were later found in Haiti. It dusted the world with iridium, an element that is rare on Earth but common in meterorites. It left a barely detectable imprint on the Yucatan Peninsula. Many scientists came to believe that the Chicxulub asteroid alone killed off the dinosaurs — and the public ate it up.
"We have this thing for big glitz and dramatic things," Archibald says. "Instantaneous is better."
But Princeton professor Gerta Keller wasn't convinced. She has her own theories about the mass extinction.
"Vulcanism has played a major role," Keller says.
In the hundreds of thousands of years before the Chicxulub impact, volcanoes in a region of India known as the Deccan Traps erupted repeatedly. They spewed sulfur and carbon dioxide, poisoning the atmosphere and destabilizing ecosystems. Keller says the dinosaurs were already on death's door by the time the asteroid hit.
And there is confusion about when that actually happened.
"If [the impact] is the cause, it had to be precisely at the time of the mass extinction," Keller says. "It can't be before and it can't be afterwards."
Geochronologist Paul Renne collects 66-million-year-old volcanic ash from a coal bed near Hell Creek, Mont.
Courtesy of Courtney Sprain
Geochronologist Paul Renne collects 66-million-year-old volcanic ash from a coal bed near Hell Creek, Mont.Courtesy of Courtney Sprain Keller's data suggest that the impact happened about 100,000 years before the mass extinction. Previous studies, on the other hand, put it 180,000 years after the dinosaurs died off.
Enter Paul Renne, a geologist from the University of California, Berkeley. To pin down the date, he headed out to the badlands of northeastern Montana.
"It's a region that has yielded a huge number of dinosaur fossils over the years," Renne says. "It's very famous for that."
Renne collected samples of ash that were deposited at the time of the mass extinction just above that treasure trove of fossils. He also obtained some of the glass blobs left by the Chicxulub impact. Measuring the rate of decay of radioactive potassium from these two samples, Renne was able to estimate the age of the impact and the age of the extinction.
"And lo and behold they are exactly the same," Renne says. "The impact clearly occurred right at the extinction level."
His results are published in the journal Science. They reinforce an idea that many scientists have held for years: The Chicxulub asteroid was the straw that broke the dinosaurs' back.
Gerta Keller thinks Renne's method was admirably precise, but she doesn't agree with some of his conclusions. She says his data are contradicted by other samples from Texas where a similar age date shows the Chicxulub impact predates the KT boundary — the point in time between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods when the dinosaurs are believed to have gone extinct.
Still, there is one thing that Keller and Renne agree on: The asteroid isn't the whole story.
"There were significant extinctions and ecological perturbations going on a million or 2 million years before the impact, so we think that something else was already happening," Renne says. "What caused those things? There is an outstanding candidate — the early eruptions of the Deccan Traps."
The next step will be to find the age of these eruptions.
"We need to be able to place that set of eruptions into a time framework," Renne says.
Then they can better piece together what happened to the dinosaurs — and the rest of the species that went extinct. Renne and Keller will join Archibald and dozens of their colleagues at the Natural History Museum in London at the end of March to talk over their ideas.
"I'm looking forward to rather spirited discussions," Keller says.
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Penguin Poop Leads Ice Researchers To Unknown Colony
In 2009, a team of researchers from the British Antarctic Survey were studying satellite images of the Antarctic when they noticed something interesting: trails of penguin poop. That showed signs of a huge emperor penguin colony.
The existence of the colony was unconfirmed until a team of researchers from the International Polar Foundation visited in December 2012.
Alain Hubert, founder of the International Polar Foundation, was one of three researchers from the foundation's Princess Elisabeth Antarctica polar research station to visit the 9,000-strong colony of penguins on Antarctica's Princess Ragnhild Coast.
"When you arrive, they just come to see you, to watch you, to turn around you," he tells NPR's Neal Conan. "The penguins — and especially the emperors — they are so human. They're so cute."
Since the penguins had never encountered humans, Hubert says they weren't scared, just curious.
Hubert and his team live at the research station during the Antarctic summer and are focused on studying climate change, not penguins. After they encountered a number of emperor penguins, they were convinced that a colony must be close by. They decided to make the treacherous 30-mile trip east to the sea ice.
"First of all, you have to imagine you're in the middle of nowhere — without any visibility, with complete whiteout after 24 hours driving on the ice — you go down to the sea."
After navigating their way to the sea, they searched for hours and found more penguins than they had ever imagined. Hubert says that seeing so many animals huddled together was like being on another planet.
"I spent more than five years of my life in the polar regions, but that was the kind of moment that I wouldn't have expect[ed] to be able to ... just enjoy," Hubert says. "It's a privilege."
If there was enough penguin poop to see from space, it seems like there would be quite a stench on the ground. Hubert says it wasn't a problem.
"It's too cold, really, to smell it, you know?" Hubert says. "I spoke to some scientists ... and they told me if it was a bit warmer, it's really smelly."
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